# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from numpy.random import randn
import pickle
from pylab import *

# create sample data of 2D points
n = 200
# two normal distributions
class_1 = 0.6 * randn(n,2)
class_2 = 1.2 * randn(n,2) + array([5,1])
labels = hstack((ones(n),-ones(n)))
# save with Pickle
#with open('points_normal.pkl', 'w') as f:
with open('points_normal_test.pkl', 'w') as f:
    pickle.dump(class_1,f)
    pickle.dump(class_2,f)
    pickle.dump(labels,f)
# normal distribution and ring around it
class_1 = 0.6 * randn(n,2)
r = 0.8 * randn(n,1) + 5
angle = 2*pi * randn(n,1)
class_2 = hstack((r*cos(angle),r*sin(angle)))
labels = hstack((ones(n),-ones(n)))
# save with Pickle
#with open('points_ring.pkl', 'w') as f:
with open('points_ring_test.pkl', 'w') as f:
    pickle.dump(class_1,f)
    pickle.dump(class_2,f)
    pickle.dump(labels,f)

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pickle
from pylab import *
from PCV.classifiers import knn
from PCV.tools import imtools

pklist=['points_normal.pkl','points_ring.pkl']

figure()

# load 2D points using Pickle
for i, pklfile in enumerate(pklist):
    with open(pklfile, 'r') as f:
        class_1 = pickle.load(f)
        class_2 = pickle.load(f)
        labels = pickle.load(f)
    # load test data using Pickle
    with open(pklfile[:-4]+'_test.pkl', 'r') as f:
        class_1 = pickle.load(f)
        class_2 = pickle.load(f)
        labels = pickle.load(f)

    model = knn.KnnClassifier(labels,vstack((class_1,class_2)))
    # test on the first point
    print model.classify(class_1[0])

    #define function for plotting
    def classify(x,y,model=model):
        return array([model.classify([xx,yy]) for (xx,yy) in zip(x,y)])

    # lot the classification boundary
    subplot(1,2,i+1)
    imtools.plot_2D_boundary([-6,6,-6,6],[class_1,class_2],classify,[1,-1])
    titlename=pklfile[:-4]
    title(titlename)
show()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from PCV.localdescriptors import sift, dsift
from pylab import  *
from PIL import Image

dsift.process_image_dsift('../data/empire.jpg','empire.dsift',90,40,True)
l,d = sift.read_features_from_file('empire.dsift')
im = array(Image.open('../data/empire.jpg'))
sift.plot_features(im,l,True)
title('dense SIFT')
show()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import os
from PCV.localdescriptors import sift, dsift
from pylab import  *
from PIL import Image

imlist=['../data/gesture/train/A-uniform01.ppm','../data/gesture/train/B-uniform01.ppm',
        '../data/gesture/train/C-uniform01.ppm','../data/gesture/train/Five-uniform01.ppm',
        '../data/gesture/train/Point-uniform01.ppm','../data/gesture/train/V-uniform01.ppm']

figure()
for i, im in enumerate(imlist):
    dsift.process_image_dsift(im,im[:-3]+'.dsift',90,40,True)
    l,d = sift.read_features_from_file(im[:-3]+'dsift')
    dirpath, filename=os.path.split(im)
    im = array(Image.open(im))
    #显示手势含义title
    titlename=filename[:-14]
    subplot(2,3,i+1)
    sift.plot_features(im,l,True)
    title(titlename)
show()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from PCV.localdescriptors import dsift
import os
from PCV.localdescriptors import sift
from pylab import *
from PCV.classifiers import knn

def get_imagelist(path):
    """    Returns a list of filenames for
        all jpg images in a directory. """

    return [os.path.join(path,f) for f in os.listdir(path) if f.endswith('.ppm')]

def read_gesture_features_labels(path):
    # create list of all files ending in .dsift
    featlist = [os.path.join(path,f) for f in os.listdir(path) if f.endswith('.dsift')]
    # read the features
    features = []
    for featfile in featlist:
        l,d = sift.read_features_from_file(featfile)
        features.append(d.flatten())
    features = array(features)
    # create labels
    labels = [featfile.split('/')[-1][0] for featfile in featlist]
    return features,array(labels)

def print_confusion(res,labels,classnames):
    n = len(classnames)
    # confusion matrix
    class_ind = dict([(classnames[i],i) for i in range(n)])
    confuse = zeros((n,n))
    for i in range(len(test_labels)):
        confuse[class_ind[res[i]],class_ind[test_labels[i]]] += 1
    print 'Confusion matrix for'
    print classnames
    print confuse

filelist_train = get_imagelist('../data/gesture/train')
filelist_test = get_imagelist('../data/gesture/test')
imlist=filelist_train+filelist_test

# process images at fixed size (50,50)
for filename in imlist:
    featfile = filename[:-3]+'dsift'
    dsift.process_image_dsift(filename,featfile,10,5,resize=(50,50))

features,labels = read_gesture_features_labels('../data/gesture/train/')
test_features,test_labels = read_gesture_features_labels('../data/gesture/test/')
classnames = unique(labels)

# test kNN
k = 1
knn_classifier = knn.KnnClassifier(labels,features)
res = array([knn_classifier.classify(test_features[i],k) for i in
range(len(test_labels))])
# accuracy
acc = sum(1.0*(res==test_labels)) / len(test_labels)
print 'Accuracy:', acc

print_confusion(res,test_labels,classnames)

Accuracy: 0.813471502591
Confusion matrix for
['A' 'B' 'C' 'F' 'P' 'V']
[[ 26.   0.   2.   0.   1.   1.]
 [  0.  26.   0.   1.   1.   1.]
 [  0.   0.  26.   0.   0.   1.]
 [  0.   3.   0.  37.   0.   0.]
 [  0.   1.   2.   0.  17.   1.]
 [  3.   1.   3.   0.  14.  25.]]

$ git checkout -b sign-in-out

$ rails generate controller Sessions --no-test-framework
$ rails generate integration_test authentication_pages

require 'spec_helper'

describe "Authentication" do

  subject { page }

  describe "signin page" do
    before { visit signin_path }

    it { should have_selector('h1',    text: 'Sign in') }
    it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }
  end
end

$ bundle exec rspec spec/

resources :sessions, only: [:new, :create, :destroy]

SampleApp::Application.routes.draw do
  resources :users
  resources :sessions, only: [:new, :create, :destroy]

  match '/signup', to: 'users#new'
  match '/signin', to: 'sessions#new'
  match '/signout', to: 'sessions#destroy', via: :delete
  .
  .
  .
end

class SessionsController < ApplicationController
  def new
  end

  def create
  end

  def destroy
  end
end

<% provide(:title, "Sign in") %>
<h1>Sign in</h1>

$ bundle exec rspec spec/

it { should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: 'Invalid') }

div.alert.alert-error

<div class="alert alert-error">Invalid...</div>

require 'spec_helper'

describe "Authentication" do
  .
  .
  .
  describe "signin" do
    before { visit signin_path }

    describe "with invalid information" do
      before { click_button "Sign in" }

      it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }
      it { should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: 'Invalid') }
    end
  end
end

require 'spec_helper'

describe "Authentication" do
  .
  .
  .
  describe "signin" do
    before { visit signin_path }
    .
    .
    .
    describe "with valid information" do
      let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
      before do
       fill_in "Email",    with: user.email
       fill_in "Password", with: user.password
       click_button "Sign in"
      end

      it { should have_selector('title', text: user.name) }
      it { should have_link('Profile', href: user_path(user)) }
      it { should have_link('Sign out', href: signout_path) }
      it { should_not have_link('Sign in', href: signin_path) }
    end
  end
end

it { should have_link('Profile', href: user_path(user)) }

<%= form_for(@user) do |f| %>
.
.
.
<% end %>

form_for(@user)

form_for(:session, url: sessions_path)

<% provide(:title, "Sign in") %>
<h1>Sign in</h1>

<div class="row">
  <div class="span6 offset3">
    <%= form_for(:session, url: sessions_path) do |f| %>

      <%= f.label :email %>
      <%= f.text_field :email %>

      <%= f.label :password %>
      <%= f.password_field :password %>

      <%= f.submit "Sign in", class: "btn btn-large btn-primary" %>
    <% end %>

    <p>New user? <%= link_to "Sign up now!", signup_path %></p>
  </div>
</div>

<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/sessions" method="post">
  <div>
    <label for="session_email">Email</label>
    <input id="session_email" name="session[email]" size="30" type="text" />
  </div>
  <div>
    <label for="session_password">Password</label>
    <input id="session_password" name="session[password]" size="30"
           type="password" />
  </div>
  <input class="btn btn-large btn-primary" name="commit" type="submit"
         value="Sign in" />
</form>

class SessionsController < ApplicationController
  .
  .
  .
  def create
    render 'new'
  end
  .
  .
  .
end

---
session:
  email: ''
  password: ''
commit: Sign in
action: create
controller: sessions

{ session: { password: "", email: "" } }

params[:session]

{ password: "", email: "" }

params[:session][:email]

params[:session][:password]

def create
  user = User.find_by_email(params[:session][:email].downcase)
  if user && user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])
    # Sign the user in and redirect to the user's show page.
  else
    # Create an error message and re-render the signin form.
  end
end

user && user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])

class SessionsController < ApplicationController

  def new
  end

  def create
    user = User.find_by_email(params[:session][:email].downcase)
    if user && user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])
      # Sign the user in and redirect to the user's show page.
    else
      flash[:error] = 'Invalid email/password combination' # Not quite right!
      render 'new'
    end
  end

  def destroy
  end
end

$ bundle exec rspec spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb \
> -e "signin with invalid information"

describe "after visiting another page" do
  before { click_link "Home" }
  it { should_not have_selector('div.alert.alert-error') }
end

require 'spec_helper'

describe "Authentication" do
  .
  .
  .
  describe "signin" do
    before { visit signin_path }

    describe "with invalid information" do
      before { click_button "Sign in" }

      it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }
      it { should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: 'Invalid') }

      describe "after visiting another page" do
        before { click_link "Home" }
        it { should_not have_selector('div.alert.alert-error') }
      end
    end
    .
    .
    .
  end
end

$ bundle exec rspec spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb \
> -e "signin with invalid information"

class SessionsController < ApplicationController

  def new
  end

  def create
    user = User.find_by_email(params[:session][:email].downcase)
    if user && user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])
      # Sign the user in and redirect to the user's show page.
    else
      flash.now[:error] = 'Invalid email/password combination'
      render 'new'
    end
  end

  def destroy
  end
end

$ bundle exec rspec spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb \
> -e "with invalid information"

class SessionsController < ApplicationController
  .
  .
  .
  def create
    user = User.find_by_email(params[:session][:email].downcase)
    if user && user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])
      sign_in user
      redirect_to user
    else
      flash.now[:error] = 'Invalid email/password combination'
      render 'new'
    end
  end
  .
  .
  .
end

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  protect_from_forgery
  include SessionsHelper
end

session[:remember_token] = user.id

require 'spec_helper'

describe User do
  .
  .
  .
  it { should respond_to(:password_confirmation) }
  it { should respond_to(:remember_token) }
  it { should respond_to(:authenticate) }
  .
  .
  .
end

$ rails generate migration add_remember_token_to_users

class AddRememberTokenToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    add_column :users, :remember_token, :string
    add_index :users, :remember_token
  end
end

$ bundle exec rake db:migrate
$ bundle exec rake db:test:prepare

$ bundle exec rspec spec/models/user_spec.rb

require 'spec_helper'

describe User do

  before do
    @user = User.new(name: "Example User", email: "user@example.com",
                   password: "foobar", password_confirmation: "foobar")
  end

  subject { @user }
  .
  .
  .
  describe "remember token" do
    before { @user.save }
    its(:remember_token) { should_not be_blank }
  end
end

its(:remember_token) { should_not be_blank }

it { @user.remember_token.should_not be_blank }

before_save :create_remember_token

private

  def create_remember_token
    # Create the token.
  end

$ rails console
>> User.first.create_remember_token

def create_remember_token
  self.remember_token = SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64
end

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  attr_accessible :name, :email, :password, :password_confirmation
  has_secure_password

  before_save { |user| user.email = email.downcase }
  before_save :create_remember_token
  .
  .
  .
  private

    def create_remember_token
      self.remember_token = SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64
    end
end

$ bundle exec rspec spec/models/user_spec.rb

module SessionsHelper
  def sign_in(user)
    cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = user.remember_token
    self.current_user = user
  end
end

cookies[:remember_token] = { value:   user.remember_token,
                             expires: 20.years.from_now.utc }

cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = user.remember_token

User.find_by_remember_token(cookies[:remember_token])

module SessionsHelper

  def sign_in(user)
    cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = user.remember_token
    self.current_user = user
  end
end

self.current_user = user

<%= current_user.name %>

redirect_to current_user

self.current_user = user

module SessionsHelper

  def sign_in(user)
    .
    .
    .
  end

  def current_user=(user)
    @current_user = user
  end
end

self.current_user = ...

current_user=(...)

module SessionsHelper

  def sign_in(user)
    .
    .
    .
  end

  def current_user=(user)
    @current_user = user
  end

  def current_user
    @current_user # Useless! Don't use this line.
  end
end

module SessionsHelper
  .
  .
  .
  def current_user=(user)
    @current_user = user
  end

  def current_user
    @current_user ||= User.find_by_remember_token(cookies[:remember_token])
  end
end

@current_user ||= User.find_by_remember_token(cookies[:remember_token])

<% if signed_in? %>
# Links for signed-in users
<% else %>
# Links for non-signed-in-users
<% end %>

module SessionsHelper

  def sign_in(user)
    cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = user.remember_token
    self.current_user = user
  end

  def signed_in?
    !current_user.nil?
  end
  .
  .
  .
end

<%= link_to "Users", '#' %>
<%= link_to "Settings", '#' %>

<%= link_to "Sign out", signout_path, method: "delete" %>

<%= link_to "Profile", current_user %>

<%= link_to "Profile", user_path(current_user) %>

<header class="navbar navbar-fixed-top">
  <div class="navbar-inner">
    <div class="container">
      <%= link_to "sample app", root_path, id: "logo" %>
      <nav>
        <ul class="nav pull-right">
          <li><%= link_to "Home", root_path %></li>
          <li><%= link_to "Help", help_path %></li>
          <% if signed_in? %>
            <li><%= link_to "Users", '#' %></li>
            <li id="fat-menu" class="dropdown">
              <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
                Account <b class="caret"></b>
              </a>
              <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                <li><%= link_to "Profile", current_user %></li>
                <li><%= link_to "Settings", '#' %></li>
                <li class="divider"></li>
                <li>
                  <%= link_to "Sign out", signout_path, method: "delete" %>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
          <% else %>
            <li><%= link_to "Sign in", signin_path %></li>
          <% end %>
        </ul>
      </nav>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>

//= require jquery
//= require jquery_ujs
//= require bootstrap
//= require_tree .

$ bundle exec rspec spec/

$ rails console
>> User.first.remember_token
=> nil
>> User.all.each { |user| user.save(validate: false) }
>> User.first.remember_token
=> "Im9P0kWtZvD0RdyiK9UHtg"

require 'spec_helper'

describe "User pages" do
  .
  .
  .
  describe "with valid information" do
    .
    .
    .
    describe "after saving the user" do
      .
      .
      .
      it { should have_link('Sign out') }
    end
  end
end

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  .
  .
  .
  def create
    @user = User.new(params[:user])
    if @user.save
      sign_in @user
      flash[:success] = "Welcome to the Sample App!"
      redirect_to @user
    else
      render 'new'
    end
  end
end

require 'spec_helper'

describe "Authentication" do
  .
  .
  .
  describe "signin" do
    .
    .
    .
    describe "with valid information" do
      .
      .
      .
      describe "followed by signout" do
        before { click_link "Sign out" }
        it { should have_link('Sign in') }
      end
    end
  end
end

class SessionsController < ApplicationController
  .
  .
  .
  def destroy
    sign_out
    redirect_to root_path
  end
end

module SessionsHelper

  def sign_in(user)
    cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = user.remember_token
    self.current_user = user
  end
  .
  .
  .
  def sign_out
    self.current_user = nil
    cookies.delete(:remember_token)
  end
end

$ bundle exec rspec spec/

.
.
.
group :test do
  .
  .
  .
  gem 'cucumber-rails', '1.2.1', require: false
  gem 'database_cleaner', '0.7.0'
end
.
.
.

$ bundle install

$ rails generate cucumber:install

Feature: Signing in

  Scenario: Unsuccessful signin
    Given a user visits the signin page
    When he submits invalid signin information
    Then he should see an error message

  Scenario: Successful signin
    Given a user visits the signin page
      And the user has an account
      And the user submits valid signin information
    Then he should see his profile page
      And he should see a signout link

Feature: Signing in

  Scenario: Unsuccessful signin
    Given a user visits the signin page
    When he submits invalid signin information
    Then he should see an error message

  Scenario: Successful signin
    Given a user visits the signin page
      And the user has an account
      And the user submits valid signin information
    Then he should see his profile page
      And he should see a signout link

$ bundle exec cucumber features/

$ bundle exec rspec spec/

$ bundle exec rake cucumber

Given a user visits the signin page

Given /ˆa user visits the signin page$/ do
  visit signin_path
end

visit signin_path

When he submits invalid signin information
Then he should see an error message

When /ˆhe submits invalid signin information$/ do
  click_button "Sign in"
end

Then /ˆhe should see an error message$/ do
  page.should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error')
end

$ bundle exec cucumber features/

Given /ˆa user visits the signin page$/ do
  visit signin_path
end

When /ˆhe submits invalid signin information$/ do
  click_button "Sign in"
end

Then /ˆhe should see an error message$/ do
  page.should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error')
end

Given /ˆthe user has an account$/ do
  @user = User.create(name: "Example User", email: "user@example.com",
                      password: "foobar", password_confirmation: "foobar")
end

When /ˆthe user submits valid signin information$/ do
  fill_in "Email",    with: @user.email
  fill_in "Password", with: @user.password
  click_button "Sign in"
end

Then /ˆhe should see his profile page$/ do
  page.should have_selector('title', text: @user.name)
end

Then /ˆhe should see a signout link$/ do
  page.should have_link('Sign out', href: signout_path)
end

$ bundle exec cucumber features/

describe "Authentication" do

  subject { page }


  describe "signin" do
    before { visit signin_path }

    describe "with invalid information" do
      before { click_button "Sign in" }

      it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }
      it { should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: 'Invalid') }
    end

    describe "with valid information" do
      let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
      before do
        fill_in "Email",    with: user.email
        fill_in "Password", with: user.password
        click_button "Sign in"
      end

      it { should have_selector('title', text: user.name) }
      it { should have_selector('a', 'Sign out', href: signout_path) }
    end
  end
end

Then he should see an error message

Then /ˆhe should see an error message$/ do
  page.should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: 'Invalid')
end

should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: 'Invalid')

should have_error_message('Invalid')

RSpec::Matchers.define :have_error_message do |message|
  match do |page|
    page.should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: message)
  end
end

def valid_signin(user)
  fill_in "Email",    with: user.email
  fill_in "Password", with: user.password
  click_button "Sign in"
end

include ApplicationHelper

def valid_signin(user)
  fill_in "Email",    with: user.email
  fill_in "Password", with: user.password
  click_button "Sign in"
end

RSpec::Matchers.define :have_error_message do |message|
  match do |page|
    page.should have_selector('div.alert.alert-error', text: message)
  end
end

it { should have_error_message('Invalid') }

describe "with valid information" do
  let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
  before { valid_signin(user) }
  .
  .
  .

$ git add .
$ git commit -m "Finish sign in"
$ git checkout master
$ git merge sign-in-out

$ git push
$ git push heroku
$ heroku run rake db:migrate

$ heroku run console
>> User.all.each { |user| user.save(validate: false) }